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Alkali-thermal gasification and hydrogen generation potential of biomass

Alexander B. Koven, Shitang S. Tong, Ramin R. Farnood, Charles Q. Jia

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 369-378 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1662-y

摘要： Generating hydrogen gas from biomass is one approach to lowering dependencies on fossil fuels for energy and chemical feedstock, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using both equilibrium simulations and batch experiments with NaOH as a model alkaline, this study established the technical feasibility of converting various biomasses (e.g., glucose, cellulose, xylan and lignin) into H -rich gas via catalyst-free, alkali-thermal gasification at moderate temperatures (as low as 300 °C). This process could produce more H with less carbon-containing gases in the product than other comparable methods. It was shown that alkali-thermal gasification follows , with carbonate being the solid product which is different from the one suggested in the literature. Moreover, the concept of hydrogen generation potential (H -GP)—the maximum amount of H that a biomass can yield, was introduced. For a given biomass C H O , the H -GP would be moles of H . It was demonstrated experimentally that the H -GP was achievable by adjusting the amounts of H O and NaOH, temperature and pressure.

关键词： hydrogen generation potential biomass lignocellulose alkali-thermal gasification sodium hydroxide

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The development of ultralightweight expanded perlite-based thermal insulation panel using alkali activator

Damla Nur ÇELİK; Gökhan DURMUŞ

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第11期页码 1486-1499 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0881-6

摘要： The International Energy Agency (IEA) states that global energy consumption will increase by 53% by 2030. Turkey has 70% of the world’s perlite reserves, and in order to reduce energy consumption a thermal insulation panel was developed in Turkey using different particle sizes of expanded perlite (EP). In this study, 0–1.18 mm (powder) and 0–3 mm (granular) EP particle sizes were selected, since they have the lowest thermal conductivity coefficients among all the particle sizes. In addition, an alkali activator solution was used as a binder in the mixtures. The alkaline activator solution was obtained by mixing sodium hydroxide solution (6, 8, 10, and 12 mol·L⁻¹) and sodium silicate (Module 3) at the different ratios of Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. This study aimed to experimentally determine the optimum binder and distribution ratio of EP, with the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity and the lowest density. The lowest thermal conductivity and the lowest density were determined as 0.04919 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ and 133.267 kg/m³, respectively, in the sample prepared with 83.33% powder-size EP, 6 mol·L⁻¹ sodium hydroxide solution, and ratio of Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH of 1.5. The density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength of the sample showed the same trends of behavior when the Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH ratio was increased. In addition, the highest compressive strength was measured in 12 mol·L⁻¹ NaOH concentration regardless of particle size. In conclusion, the study predicts that the EP-based thermal insulation panel can be used as an insulation material in the construction industry according to the TS825 Thermal Insulation Standard.

关键词： expanded perlite alkali activator thermal insulation panel thermal conductivity

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Fate of proteins of waste activated sludge during thermal alkali pretreatment in terms of sludge protein

Xiaoli Song, Zhenghua Shi, Xiufen Li, Xinhua Wang, Yueping Ren

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1114-7

摘要：

Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amides happened during pretreatment.

Over 90 min of TAH at the optimal condition, 67.59% sludge proteins was solubilized.

15.84% soluble proteins broke down to materials with small molecular weight.

关键词： Sludge flocs Microbial cells Hydrolysate Protein breakdown Melanoidin

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Hydrogen production from co-gasification of coal and biomass in supercritical water by continuous flowthermal-catalytic reaction system

YAN Qiuhui, GUO Liejin, LIANG Xing, ZHANG Ximin

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 327-330 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0048-0

摘要： Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier. Converting abundant coal sources and green biomass energy into hydrogen effectively and without any pollution promotes environmental protection. The co-gasification performance of coal and a model compound of biomass, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in supercritical water (SCW), were investigated experimentally. The influences of temperature, pressure and concentration on hydrogen production from co-gasification of coal and CMC in SCW under the given conditions (20–25 MPa, 650vH, 15–30 s) are discussed in detail. The experimental results show that H, CO and CH are the main gas products, and the molar fraction of hydrogen reaches in excess of 60%. The higher pressure and higher CMC content facilitate hydrogen production; production is decreased remarkably given a longer residence time.

关键词： carboxymethylcellulose temperature co-gasification performance Hydrogen residence

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A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Gang XIAO, Baosheng JIN, Mingjiang NI, Kefa CEN, Yong CHI, Zhongxin TAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 193-204 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0268-0

摘要： Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm ) , which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MSW and the fly ash percentage in the total ash.

关键词： municipal solid waste (MSW) steam drying gasification and melting

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Augmented hydrogen production by gasification of ball milled polyethylene with Ca(OH)

Giovanni Cagnetta, Kunlun Zhang, Qiwu Zhang, Jun Huang, Gang Yu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1096-5

摘要：

PE ball milling pretreatment induces higher H₂ production and purity by gasification.

Ca(OH)₂ reacts at solid state with PE boosting H₂ and capturing CO₂.

Ca(OH)₂ significantly reduces methanation side-reaction.

关键词： Hydrogen production Gasification Plastic waste High energy ball milling

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Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical or subcritical water with Raney-Ni and other

Aixia PEI, Lisheng ZHANG, Bizheng JIANG, Liejin GUO, Ximin ZHANG, Youjun LV, Hui JIN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 456-464 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0069-y

摘要： Gasification of peanut shell, sawdust and straw in supercritical or subcritical water has been studied in a batch reactor with the presence of a series of Raney-Ni and its mixture with ZnCl or Ca(OH). The main gas products were hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of carbon monoxide. Different types of Raney-Ni, containing different metal components such as Fe, Mo or Cr, have different influences on the gasification yield and hydrogen selectivity. The catalysis effect can be improved obviously by adding ZnCl or Ca(OH). Increasing the reaction temperature or adding ZnCl and Ca(OH) could improve the mass of H in gas products and reduce the mass of CH and CO at the same time. The possible mechanism is that ZnCl can decompose the biomass particle by accelerating cellulose hydrolyzation in high-temperature water, increasing more specific surface to admit catalysts, while Ca(OH) can absorb CO to produce CaCO deposit, which can drop out from the reactant system, and which will drive the reaction to get more hydrogen. With respect to the biomass conversion to gas product and selectivity of H at low temperature, the series of Raney-Ni has shown many advantages over other catalysts; thus, this kind of catalyst has great potential to be utilized in the hydrogen industry for the gasification of biomass.

关键词： Different presence sawdust Raney-Ni Gasification

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Crystallization and viscosity-temperature characteristics during co-gasification of industrial sludge

Linmin ZHANG, Bin LIU, Juntao WEI, Xudong SONG, Yonghui BAI, Jiaofei WANG, Ying ZHOU, Huijun YANG, Guangsuo YU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 1037-1047 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0824-x

摘要： Co-gasification of industrial sludge (IS) and coal was an effective approach to achieve harmless and sustainable utilization of IS. The long-term and stable operation of a co-gasification largely depends on fluidity of coal-ash slag. Herein, the effects of IS addition on the crystallization and viscosity of Shuangmazao (SMZ) coal were investigated by means of high temperature stage coupled with an optical microscope (HTSOM), a scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and FactSage software. The results showed that when the proportion of IS was less than 60%, with the addition of IS, the slag existed in an amorphous form. This was due to the high content of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in SMZ ash and blended ash, which had a high glass-forming ability (GFA). The slag formed at a high temperature had a higher polymerization degree and viscosity, which led to a decrease in the migration ability between ions, and ultimately made the slag difficult to crystallize during the cooling. When the proportion of IS was higher than 60%, the addition of IS increased the CaO and FeO content in the system. As network modifiers, CaO and FeO could provide O²⁻ at a high temperature, which reacted with silicate network structure and continuously destroyed the complexity of network structure, thus reducing the polymerization degree and viscosity of slag. At this time, the migration ability between ions was enhanced, and needle-shaped/rod-shaped crystals were precipitated during the cooling process. Finally, the viscosity calculated by simulation and Einstein-Roscoe empirical formula demonstrated that the addition of IS could significantly improve the fluidity of coal ash and meet the requirements of the liquid slag-tapping gasifier. The purpose of this work was to provide theoretical support for slag flow mechanisms during the gasifier slagging-tapping process and the resource treatment of industrial solid waste.

关键词： co-gasification industrial sludge crystallization viscosity mineral matter evolution

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Layered alkali titanates (ATiO): possible uses for energy/environment issues

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 631-655 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0776-6

摘要： Uses of layered alkali titanates (A₂Ti_nO₂_n₊₁; Na₂Ti₃O₇, K₂Ti₄O₉, and Cs₂Ti₅O₁₁) for energy and environmental issues are summarized. Layered alkali titanates of various structural types and compositions are regarded as a class of nanostructured materials based on titanium oxide frameworks. If compared with commonly known titanium dioxides (anatase and rutile), materials design based on layered alkali titanates is quite versatile due to the unique structure (nanosheet) and morphological characters (anisotropic particle shape). Recent development of various synthetic methods (solid-state reaction, flux method, and hydrothermal reaction) for controlling the particle shape and size of layered alkali titanates are discussed. The ion exchange ability of layered alkali titanate is used for the collection of metal ions from water as well as a way of their functionalization. These possible materials design made layered alkali titanates promising for energy (including catalysis, photocatalysts, and battery) and environmental (metal ion concentration from aqueous environments) applications.

关键词： layered alkali titanates photocatalysis hydrogen evdution metal ions collection

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碱硅酸反应与碱碳酸盐反应

唐明述

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第1期页码 34-40

摘要：

碱集料反应（AAR）可分为两类，即碱硅酸反应（ASR）与碱碳酸盐反应（ACR）。二者的共同点是与碱发生的化学反应可导致混凝土中集料的体积增大，从而可能使混凝土甚至整个建筑物或构筑物发生膨胀开裂。文章着重从膨胀过程和机理以及岩石的结构特征探讨二者的特性与差异。ASR类型岩石具有碱活性的前提条件是较低的二氧化硅结晶完整度。只有隐晶质、微晶质、玻璃质或发生过应变的二氧化硅才会具有较高的化学活性，导致混凝土破坏。通过系统研究证实，对碱碳酸盐反应，虽然结晶的完整程度以及白云石（CaCO₃·MgCO₃）分子式中Ca/Mg比也将影响其与碱反应的速率，但起决定作用的是白云石晶体的尺寸及其在岩石中的分布状态和被基质包围的紧密程度。从微观结构得出的这些特征将有助于加深对碱集料反应膨胀机理的认识。文中还介绍了形成活性白云石的地质环境和碱硅酸反应与碱碳酸盐反应的区分方法。

关键词：碱集料硅酸碳酸盐混凝土开裂机理

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Utilization of alkali-activated copper slag as binder in concrete

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 773-780 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0722-z

摘要： This study was focused on developing concrete using alkali-activated copper slag (AACS) as a binder. The properties of alkali-activated copper slag concrete (AACSC) were compared with portland cement concrete (PCC). Different AACSC mixes were prepared with varying Na₂O dosage (6% and 8% of the binder by weight) and curing methods. Hydration products in AACSC were retrieved using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. The test results indicate that the workability of AACSC was lesser than that of PCC. The AACSC mix with 6% Na₂O dosage has exhibited similar mechanical properties as that of PCC. The mechanical properties of AACSC were higher than PCC when 8% of Na₂O dosage was used. Heat curing was effective to upgrade the strength properties of AACSC at an early age of curing, but at a later age mechanical properties of ambient cured and heat-cured AACSC were comparable. The hydration products of AACSC were not identified in XRD patterns, whereas, in FTIR spectra of AACSC some alkali-activated reaction products were reflected. The AACSC mixes were found to be more sustainable than PCC. It has been concluded that AACSC can be produced similarly to that of PCC and ambient curing is sufficient.

关键词： binder concrete mechanical properties mineralogy workability

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NUMERICAL MODELING OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION USING COW DUNG AS FEEDSTOCK

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第3期页码 458-467 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023500

摘要：

● Gasification of cow dung was evaluated using Aspen Plus software.

关键词： Aspen Plus biomass gasification manure of livestock and poultry simulation syngas

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CFD based combustion model for sewage sludge gasification in a fluidized bed

Yiqun WANG, Lifeng YAN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 138-145 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0050-7

摘要： Gasification is one potential way to use sewage sludge as renewable energy and solve the environmental problems caused by the huge amount of sewage sludge. In this paper, a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to simulate the sewage sludge gasification process in a fluidized bed. The model describes the complex physical and chemical phenomena in the gasifier including turbulent flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions. The model is based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian concept using the non-premixed combustion modeling approach. In terms of the CFD software FLUENT, which represents a powerful tool for gasifier analysis, the simulations provide detailed information on the gas products and temperature distribution in the gasifier. The model sensitivity is analyzed by performing the model in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed in the literature, and the model validation is carried out by comparing with experimental data from the literature. Results show that reasonably good agreement was achieved. Effects of temperature and Equivalence Ratio (ER) on the quality of product syngas (H + CO) are also studied.

关键词： CFD model sewage sludge gasification syngas

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Status of domestic gasification technology in China

Zhimin HUANG , Jiansheng ZHANG , Guangxi YUE ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 330-336 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0021-1

摘要： Five domestic gasification technologies in China were presented and reviewed, including opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasification technology of coal water slurry (CWS), oxygen staged gasification technology, two-stage dry feed entrained flow gasification, pulverized coal gasification process of HT-L, and ash agglomerating fluidized bed gasification. The former four technologies belong to pressurized entrained flow gasification technology. The process description, technology characteristics, research and development process, performance indexes and commercialization progress of these technologies were mainly discussed.

关键词： domestic gasification technology research and development performance commercialization

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Biomass to dimethyl ether by gasification/synthesis technology

Tiejun WANG, Yuping LI, Longlong MA, Chuangzhi WU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 330-339 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0121-y

摘要： Technical and economic analysis was done for the biomass to dimethyl ether (DME) technology to promote the gasification/synthesis route for biofuel production and its application as a fossil fuel substitute. The technology of biomass gasification/synthesis has obvious advantages, including production flexibility, environmental friendliness, economic feasibility, and application versatility. Biomass gasification/synthesis technology integrates bio-DME synthesis, fertilizer production, electricity generation, and waste heat utilization to convert waste biomass residues to DME for use as liquid petroleum gas, transportation fuel substitute, and chemical intermediates, which has been proven to be one of the most effective and clean biomass utilization routes. The 1000 t/a-scale demonstration plant has a bio-DME production rate of 6 to 7 / , biomass gasification efficiency of≥82%, once-through CO conversion of ≥70%, DME selectivity (DME/DME+other organic products) of ≥90%, and a total system efficiency of ≥38%. The demonstration plant also has self-sufficient steam and electricity supply. The 10,000tons/a-scale bio-DME production cost with or without feedstock subsidy is estimated to be 1968 Yuan/t and 2868 Yuan/t, respectively in China. Because of the limitation in biomass feedstock collection cost, massive and disperse commercial plants with a capacity of 10000 t/a bio-DME are more suitable for rural areas.

关键词： technical and economic analysis biomass dimethyl ether gasification/synthesis